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- M Butterfly
-
- RIUve played out the events of my life night after night, always
- searching for a new ending to my story, one where I will leave this cell
- and return forever to my ButterflyUs arms.S (Hwang 3.3.1-4) With these
- words of David Henry HwangUs play M Butterfly, we realize that we have
- just been staring directly into the memories of Rene Gallimard. The fact
- that Rene Gallimard serves as the narrator of his memories in the play M
- Butterfly delivers an impression of the character behind Gallimard than
- could ever be achieved by the viewing of the screenplay. The existence of
- Marc in the play as seen from GallimardUs perspective, the fact that
- Gallimard serves as the main organizer of ideas in the play, and the
- differing roles of Helga in the two works all lead to very different
- impressions and interpretations by the reader or viewer.
- GallimardUs narration seems to be the most obvious difference
- between the movie and the play. While reading the play, the audience has
- an opportunity to get to know the personality of Rene Gallimard, as well
- as his feelings about certain topics. Such insight can be very crucial in
- the impression that a character makes on an audience. GallimardUs persona
- is very evident in the opening lines of the play. He remarks initially
- about the dimensions of the cell, the atmosphere, and the living
- conditions. Immediately, this paints a picture for the reader that is
- very accurate physically, and the reader sees that Gallimard is
- straightforward, and says what he means without very much preamble. As
- the opening scenes develop, we also see the side of Gallimard that is the
- dreamer. Rene definitely has visions of perfection, and they are
- demonstrated when he remarks RAlone in this cell, I sit night after
- night, watching our story play through my head, always searching for a
- new ending, one which redeems my honor , where she returns at last to my
- arms.S (1.3.7-11) Gallimard can be classified as a dreamer, and not only
- because he is confined to a prison cell for many years. He has a vision
- of how life is supposed to be, and feels rewarded when
- he conforms to a stereotype. For example, he says RI knew this little
- flower was waiting for me to call, and, as I wickedly refused to do so, I
- felt the first time that rush of power -- the absolute power of a man.S
- (1.11. 8-10) Being Ra manS is important to Gallimard, and following the
- so called RWestern FantasyS of having an affair with an Eastern woman is
- tantalizing to him. Glimpses like these give the reader incredible
- insight into the mind of Gallimard, which are very useful to explain
- later actions in the story. A narrator builds a friendship with the
- reader, a person that the audience can trust. We see the events from
- GallimardUs side of things, which are much more distorted in the play
- than the events that occur in the movie. The removal of the narrator in
- the movie leaves the viewer to develop GallimardUs personality for
- themselves, rather than get to know how he thinks. This puts the viewer
- at an overall disadvantage for understanding the true meaning behind M
- Butterfly.
- Another significant part of the play that is omitted from the
- movie is GallimardUs best friend from school, Marc. Marc is described as
- a Rwomanizing cadS (1.3. 81) by Gallimard, giving the reader an obvious
- first impression. He is developed as a character that is there for
- Gallimard in times of need, and serves as someone that Gallimard can go
- to in times of need. A friend like this does not exist in the movie, and
- the viewer gets the sense that Gallimard is very quick in decision making
- and has little doubt about his actions. In the play, however, we know
- that this is not the case. There are several cases where Marc talks to
- Gallimard in his head, and reasoning for decisions is explained. For
- example, Marc says RAll your life youUve waited for a beautiful girl who
- would lay down for you.....As the years pass, your hair thins and you
- struggle to hold onto even your hopes. Stop struggling, Rene. The wait is
- over.S (1.9.62, 67-69) Marc could be called the devilUs advocate, as he
- seems to push Gallimard in the direction of pursuing his Butterfly. When
- Gallimard remarks that he is married and should not have an affair, Marc
- rebuts with RAnd an excellent one [married man] too. I cheated
- after......six months.S (1.9. 40-41) In the movie, Gallimard makes the
- decision on his own and the viewer is never exposed to the thought process.
- Given that if every thought process was revealed the movie would run
- about six hours, it seems that the important decisions are not pondered.
- When the reader gets a chance to see these thought processes, it gives
- them a sense of who Gallimard is, how he was brought up, and how the
- people that he respects behave. On the other hand, the omission of this
- information gives the viewer of the movie no idea what Gallimard values,
- which in turn forces the viewer to believe that Gallimard had no trouble
- making these decisions and has no remorse or conscience. Both
- presentations create amazingly different pictures, and in turn create
- very different impressions. Once again, the narration in the play creates
- a very different image of Gallimard than the relative
- straight-forwardness of the movie.
- Another character who is very different between both the movie
- and the play is that of GallimardUs wife, Helga. Though a seemingly minor
- character in both works, her relevance is very important when discussing
- the character of Gallimard. In the play, the physical appearance of Helga
- not given, however one can only conclude that she is not particularly
- attractive, as the second scene of the first act describes. A woman
- remarks RWell, heUs not very good looking.S (1.2. 22) When immediately
- faced with these impressions, one can assume that a man who is fairly
- unattractive and has never had much with love with women would be married
- to a woman on similar terms. Also, there is no time at which Gallimard
- speaks openly about his wife, giving the reader a sense that she is not
- important to him. Thus, the picture of Helga is created. This picture is
- not shown in the movie, as Jeremy Irons does not show any type of
- misfortune with respect to his previous love life. In fact, the idea that
- Gallimard in the movie has a wife and eventually has two mistresses
- creates the image that Gallimard is a lady's man, and might have had
- similar affairs previously. Strangely enough, these two conflicting
- interpretations are both acceptable within the context of each the movie
- and the play. Helga seems to show her face more in the play to inspire a
- small feeling that what Gallimard is doing is wrong. In the movie, Helga
- is hardly heard from, thus the viewer decides that they are married only
- by law, and therefore cheating on his wife is not terrible. At the end
- of the play, Gallimard tells Helga that he has been cheating, and her
- reaction is
- humorous. She accepts the fact that he has been cheating, and even
- mentions that she expected it when she says RI knew you would. I knew you
- would the day I married you.S (2.11.47-48) A comment like this proves the
- earlier impression that the reader achieved when they believed that
- ReneUs wife was far from important to him. Obviously, Helga was not in
- love with Gallimard just as he was not in love with her, and both finally
- understood each otherUs position. This final blow to GallimardUs
- credibility is only hinted at in the movie, with the depiction of
- Gallimard living by himself in an apartment until his Butterfly finds him
- in France. Again, the audienceUs perception of GallimardUs personality is
- different in both of these cases, with the reader of the play finding
- Gallimard with less and less credibility while the viewer of the movie
- sees the course of events as natural. This is another example of the
- mental creation necessary to construct the story of the play while the
- movie simply feeds the audience with information.
- In conclusion, the audienceUs perception of Rene Gallimard is
- much different in the play M Butterfly than in the movie of the same
- title. Although David Henry Hwang wrote both the play and the screenplay,
- the character development is far greater in the play. The reader must
- create a picture of Gallimard by his impressions, reactions, and
- interactions with characters from his past that simply do not exist in
- the movie. Marc, GallimardUs best friend from school, does not exist in
- the movie, but is the voice inside GallimardUs head throughout the play.
- Helga, who exists in both works, has much more bearing in the book, again
- shaping the readerUs impression of the kind of man that Gallimard really
- is. The fact that the play employs a narrator and the movie does not
- leads the reader down a different path, especially when the narrator is
- Rene Gallimard himself. The human mind is one that is capable of creating
- its own world. When viewing the movie, one sees a sense of Rene
- GallimardUs world. When reading the play, one understands his world.
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